Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by VV Pillay 17th Edition PDF: A Comprehensive Guide for Students and Practitioners
Forensic medicine and toxicology are two important branches of medical science that deal with the application of medical knowledge to legal issues. Forensic medicine involves the examination of injuries, deaths, and other medico-legal aspects of living and dead persons. Toxicology involves the study of the effects of drugs, poisons, and other substances on the human body and its functions.
Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by VV Pillay 17th Edition PDF is one of the most popular and authoritative books on this subject. It covers all the topics related to forensic medicine and toxicology in a comprehensive and updated manner. It is written by Dr. VV Pillay, who is a renowned expert and professor of forensic medicine and toxicology at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India.
Features of Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by VV Pillay 17th Edition PDF
Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by VV Pillay 17th Edition PDF has many features that make it a valuable resource for students and practitioners of forensic medicine and toxicology. Some of these features are:
- It is divided into four sections: General Aspects, Clinical Forensic Medicine, Forensic Pathology and Toxicology, and Recent Advances.
- It contains over 800 pages of text, illustrations, tables, charts, diagrams, photographs
General Aspects of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
The first section of the textbook covers the general aspects of forensic medicine and toxicology, such as the history, scope, principles, ethics, and legal aspects of the discipline. It also discusses the medico-legal system in India, the role and responsibilities of a forensic expert, and the medico-legal autopsy. The section also includes chapters on identification of persons, estimation of age, sex, and stature, forensic anthropology and odontology, forensic photography and radiology, forensic serology and DNA profiling, forensic psychiatry, and forensic nursing.
Clinical Forensic Medicine
The second section of the textbook deals with the clinical aspects of forensic medicine, such as the examination of living persons for medico-legal purposes. It covers topics such as injuries and wounds, mechanical asphyxia, thermal injuries, electrical injuries, firearm injuries, regional injuries, sexual offences, child abuse and neglect, medical negligence and malpractice, and medical certification and report writing.
Forensic Pathology and Toxicology
The third section of the textbook focuses on the forensic pathology and toxicology aspects of forensic medicine. It covers topics such as death and its causes, postmortem changes, sudden and unexpected deaths, forensic thanatology and taphonomy, forensic entomology and microbiology, forensic histopathology and immunohistochemistry, forensic hematology and biochemistry, general toxicology, analytical toxicology
Analytical Toxicology
The fourth section of the textbook covers the analytical toxicology aspects of forensic medicine and toxicology. It covers topics such as the principles and methods of analytical toxicology, the detection and identification of drugs and poisons in biological and non-biological samples, the interpretation of analytical results, and the quality assurance and control in analytical toxicology.
Analytical toxicology is the science of identifying and quantifying the presence of drugs, poisons, and other substances in biological and related specimens. It involves the use of various analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), immunoassays, and spectrophotometry, to separate, identify, and measure the analytes of interest.
Analytical toxicology plays a vital role in forensic medicine and toxicology, as it provides objective evidence for medico-legal investigations, such as cases of poisoning, drug abuse, drug-facilitated crimes, impaired driving, doping, and workplace drug testing. It also helps in therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and epidemiological studies.
Principles and Methods of Analytical Toxicology
The principles and methods of analytical toxicology are based on the following steps: sample collection, transport, and storage; sample preparation; sample analysis; and result interpretation.
Sample collection, transport, and storage are crucial steps in analytical toxicology, as they affect the quality and integrity of the sample and the accuracy and reliability of the analysis. The choice of sample depends on the purpose of analysis, the type of substance to be detected, the time interval between exposure and sampling, and the availability and accessibility of the specimen. The most common samples used in analytical toxicology are blood, urine, saliva, hair, nails
Solid Phase Extraction
Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a widely used technique in analytical toxicology that involves the selective retention of analytes on a solid sorbent material packed in a cartridge, a disk, or a well plate. The analytes are then eluted from the sorbent with a suitable solvent and analyzed by the desired technique.
SPE has many advantages over liquid-liquid extraction, such as higher recovery and selectivity, lower solvent consumption and waste generation, faster and simpler operation, automation potential, and compatibility with various analytical techniques. SPE can be performed in different modes, such as normal phase, reversed phase, ion exchange, mixed mode, molecularly imprinted polymers, and immunoaffinity.
Normal phase SPE uses a polar sorbent, such as silica or alumina, and a non-polar solvent, such as hexane or ethyl acetate. It is suitable for extracting non-polar or moderately polar analytes from polar matrices, such as water or blood.
Reversed phase SPE uses a non-polar sorbent, such as C18 or C8, and a polar solvent, such as methanol or acetonitrile. It is suitable for extracting polar or moderately polar analytes from non-polar matrices, such as organic solvents or oils.
Ion exchange SPE uses a charged sorbent, such as anion or cation exchange resins, and a solvent with an appropriate pH and ionic strength. It is suitable for extracting ionic or ionizable analytes from aqueous matrices.
Mixed mode SPE uses a sorbent that combines two different retention mechanisms, such as reversed phase and ion exchange. It is suitable for extracting analytes with different polarity and charge characteristics from complex matrices.
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic sorbents that have specific binding sites for target analytes created by polymerization around template molecules. They are suitable for extracting analytes with high selectivity and affinity from various matrices.
Immunoaffinity SPE uses a sorbent that contains antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens present in the analytes. They are suitable for extracting analytes with high specificity and sensitivity from biological matrices.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a novel technique in analytical toxicology that involves the use of a supercritical fluid as a solvent to extract analytes from solid or liquid matrices. SFE has several advantages over conventional solvent extraction, such as lower solvent consumption and waste generation, faster and simpler operation, higher extraction efficiency and selectivity, and lower environmental impact.
SFE can be performed in different modes, such as static, dynamic, or modified. Static SFE involves the exposure of the sample to a constant flow of supercritical fluid for a certain period of time. Dynamic SFE involves the continuous flow of supercritical fluid through the sample until the analytes are completely extracted. Modified SFE involves the addition of a co-solvent or a modifier to the supercritical fluid to enhance its solvating power for polar or ionic analytes.
The most commonly used supercritical fluid in SFE is carbon dioxide, due to its low critical temperature and pressure, high purity, low toxicity, low cost, and availability. However, carbon dioxide has limited solvating power for polar or ionic analytes, which can be overcome by using a modifier, such as methanol, ethanol, water, or ammonia. Other supercritical fluids that have been used in SFE include nitrous oxide, ethane, propane, pentane, ammonia, water, and fluorinated hydrocarbons.
SFE has been applied to various matrices and analytes in analytical toxicology, such as drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, steroids, fatty acids, metals, and volatile organic compounds. SFE can be coupled with various analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
The last section of the textbook covers the recent advances and emerging trends in forensic medicine and toxicology, such as molecular autopsy, virtual autopsy, forensic microbiome analysis, forensic epigenetics, forensic proteomics, forensic metabolomics, forensic nanotechnology, forensic robotics, forensic artificial intelligence, and forensic telemedicine. These topics reflect the current state of the art and future directions of research and development in the field.
Molecular autopsy is the application of molecular biology techniques to postmortem investigations, especially in cases of sudden cardiac death, sudden infant death syndrome, and unexplained death. Molecular autopsy can identify genetic mutations or variations that may predispose to cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, metabolic disorders, or other diseases that may cause sudden death.
Virtual autopsy is the application of non-invasive imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and X-ray, to postmortem examinations. Virtual autopsy can provide a three-dimensional reconstruction of the body and its internal organs, and reveal injuries, diseases, foreign bodies, or other findings that may not be visible by conventional autopsy.
Forensic microbiome analysis is the study of the microbial communities that inhabit different parts of the human body and their role in forensic investigations. Forensic microbiome analysis can provide information on the identity, lifestyle, health status, diet, drug use, geographical origin, or postmortem interval of a person based on the composition and diversity of their microbiota.
Forensic epigenetics is the study of the changes in gene expression or function that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence but by chemical modifications of DNA or histones. Forensic epigenetics can provide information on the age, sex, ethnicity
Conclusion
Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by VV Pillay 17th Edition PDF is a comprehensive and authoritative book that covers all the aspects of forensic medicine and toxicology in a clear and updated manner. It is suitable for students and practitioners of forensic medicine and toxicology, as well as for other professionals who need to deal with medico-legal issues. The book provides a wealth of information on the principles, methods, techniques, and applications of forensic medicine and toxicology, as well as the recent advances and future developments in the field. The book is well-written, well-illustrated, well-referenced, and well-organized. It is a valuable resource for learning and reference in forensic medicine and toxicology.
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